Aluminum fuel

Kragen Javier Sitaker, 02021-07-17 (updated 02021-12-30) (2 minutes)

Aluminum is a high-density fuel, 83.8 MJ/liter, though a little lower specific energy than, say, diesel fuel --- only 31 MJ/kg instead of 46 MJ/kg; but diesel is only 38.6 MJ/liter. That volumetric density is comparable to graphite (72.9 MJ/liter) and, in that table, exceeded only by beryllium (125.1 MJ/liter) and boron (137.8 MJ/liter). (I'm guessing anthracite is basically equivalent to graphite.)

All three of these materials (aluminum, beryllium, and boron) burn to solid oxides rather than producing gas emissions. In this context it's interesting to note that aluminum can be burned in aluminum-air fuel cells, typically at about 25% efficiency (comparable to that of heat engines), and that scrap aluminum is readily available; retail scrap buyers buy it at AR$100/kg from cartoneros, and at AR$172/US$, that's US$0.58/kg or US$0.019/MJ. This price is comparable to other fuels; crude oil is currently US$72/bbl, which works out to US$0.012/MJ at 1700 kWh or 5.8 million BTU per barrel, and retail refined fuel prices are often twice that. The US$0.04/kWh that is typical on the wholesale electrical market works out to US$0.011/MJ, though current solar energy costs one fourth of that, and retail prices are commonly ten times that.

Practical aluminum-air batteries can be made from very simple, inexpensive materials like table salt or potassa, carbon black, nickel, water, and paper, and they can tolerate the impurities that are common in scrap aluminum. More philosophical aluminum-air batteries are more efficient.

So you could very reasonably buy scrap aluminum as a fuel for when grid power is unavailable, such as for aviation or submarines.

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